Hiragana & Katakana

Japanese uses two syllabaries alongside kanji. Hiragana writes native words, grammar, and verb endings; katakana writes loanwords, onomatopoeia, and emphasis. They represent exactly the same sounds — learning one teaches you the readings for the other.

Basic hiragana

The forty-six basic characters, read left to right in rows of five. Every other kana in the language is built from these.

a i u e o
a i u e o
ka ki ku ke ko
sa shi su se so
ta chi tsu te to
na ni nu ne no
ha hi fu he ho
ma mi mu me mo
ya yu yo
ra ri ru re ro
wa o
n

Dakuten and handakuten

Two small marks change how a character is voiced. Dakuten, a pair of strokes in the upper right, turns k into g, s into z, t into d, and h into b. Handakuten, a small circle, turns h into p.

a i u e o
ga gi gu ge go
za ji zu ze zo
da ji zu de do
ba bi bu be bo
pa pi pu pe po

Yōon

A full-size character followed by a small ゃ, ゅ, or ょ fuses into a single syllable. Note that the small character is written at reduced size — きや is two syllables, きゃ is one.

ya yu yo
きゃkya きゅkyu きょkyo
しゃsha しゅshu しょsho
ちゃcha ちゅchu ちょcho
にゃnya にゅnyu にょnyo
ひゃhya ひゅhyu ひょhyo
みゃmya みゅmyu みょmyo
りゃrya りゅryu りょryo
ぎゃgya ぎゅgyu ぎょgyo
じゃja じゅju じょjo
びゃbya びゅbyu びょbyo
ぴゃpya ぴゅpyu ぴょpyo